Evidence+-+Empathy+influenced+by+culture

=EMPATHY IS INFLUENCED BY CULTURE=

//**Journal Articles**//
//Journal of Experimental Social Psychology// Participants displayed activity over motor cortex when acting and when observing ingroups act, but not when observing outgroups – an effect magnified by prejudice and for disliked groups. PDF:
 * Empathy Constrained: Prejudice predicts reduced mental stimulation of actions during observations of outgroups (Gutsell, Inzlicht, et al. 2010)**

There was a significant difference in the perception of the customers displayed emotions dependent on the cultural match/mismatch. The degree of accuracy in this facial recognition is dependent upon the service provider’s familiarity with the customer’s culture and their ability to understand the cultural norms associated with the display of emotions. PDF: []
 * The Efficacy of Facial Expression in Determining Emotions Associated with Cross Cultural Service Failures (Tombs, Russell-Bennett et al. 2007) **

//NeuroImage// Our results indicate that empathy for ingroup members is neurally distinct from empathy for humankind, more generally. People showed greater response within anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula when observing the suffering of others, but African-American individuals additionally recruit medial prefrontal cortex when observing the suffering of members of their own social group. PDF:
 * Neural Basis of Extraordinary Empathy and Altruistic Motivation (Mathur et al. 2010)**

//**Culture & Psychology**// Four emergent themes that contradicted Gilligan’s theoretical perspectives were identified: (1) both Japanese male and female adolescents showed what Gilligan would call a ‘female’ (i.e. ‘care-oriented’) concern; (2) the care orientation was expressed as a normative voice of a larger (Japanese) society, whereas Gilligan saw it as a subordinate (to justice) voice of male-oriented Western society; (3) caring and justice were linked in the thought and actions of Japanese adolescents, whereas Gilligan saw them as polar opposites; (4) Japanese adolescents saw caring as a communal responsibility, whereas Gilligan saw it as individual feelings. PDF:
 * Japanese Adolescent Boys' Senses of Empathy (Omoiyari) and Carol Gilligan's Perspectives on the Morality of Care: A Phenomenological Approach (Shimizu et al. 2001)**

//International Journal of Behavioural Developement// Results showed that children from the two South-East Asian cultures, as compared to children from the two Western cultures, displayed more self-focused distress and less prosocial behavior. Across cultures, a positive relation between sympathy and prosocial behavior and a negative relation between self-focused distress and prosocial behavior were found PDF:
 * Sympathy, distress, and prosicial behaviour of preschool children in four cultures (Trommsdorff et al. 2007)**

//Journal of Experimental Social Psychology// The current research investigated the hypothesis that, depending on an individual’s cultural background, facial cues in different parts of the face are weighted differently when interpreting emotions. PDF:
 * Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and West? Cultural differences in using the eyes and mouth as cues to recognize emotions in Japan and the United States (Yuki et al. 2007)**

//Current Biology// Although facial expressions are widely considered to be the universal language of emotion [|[1]], [|[2]] and [|[3]], some negative facial expressions consistently elicit lower recognition levels among Eastern compared to Western groups (see [|[4]] for a meta-analysis and [|[5]] and [|[6]] for review) PDF:
 * Cultural Confusions Show that Facial Expressions Are Not Universal (Jack et al. 2009)**

Discussions of Omoiyari:[]ABSTRACTS: **Placing the Face in Context: Cultural Differences in the Perception of Facial Emotion** END OF PAGE
 * Other Sources**