Columba

=Research question= ===To what extent are behaviors innate in blind people in the way they express emotion? ===

=Links= [|Facial expressions of emotion are innate, not learned] [|Reading facial expressions of emotion] [|Voluntary Facial Expression of Emotion: Comparing Congenitally Blind With Normally Sighted Encoders] (a precursor to the Matsumoto study)

Outline:


 * Working Thesis: ** Socialization impacts the development of emotional expression for sighted people. The innate behaviors in spontaneous emotional expression for blind people are the same as those for sighted people. However the inability to access the visual modes of socialization interferes with the development of emotional expression in blind people.


 * Working Introduction: ** According to multiple studies, blind people have the same expressed emotions to sighted people in multiple situations.The innate behaviors in blind people are similar to sighted people. Blind people have to rely upon other senses in order to pick up social clues, which allow them to fit in and express the appropriate emotion.

a) Innate Behavior b) Nature and Nurture c) Expressions: i. In blind and sighted
 * Body of Paper **
 * 1) a. Definition of innate behavior
 * 2) b. Innate Vs. Learned Behavior
 * 3) c. Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
 * 1) a. Explain Nature and nurture
 * 2) b. Influence on one another
 * 1) a. What are emotions
 * 2) b. Facial Expressions

ii. Spontaneous facial expressions 3. c. Control of facial expression

d) Cultures effect on emotion e) Gender Effects
 * 1) a. Emotion expressed (differences)
 * 1) a. Females

i. More open to sharing feelings

ii. Allows for connections 2. b. Males

i. Don’t share as much their feeling as it makes them look weak

Allott, A., & Mindorff, D. (2007). //Biology: Course companion//. (pp. 306-307). Great Britain: Bell and Bain Ltd.
 * References List ** : At this point in the EE process, please submit the References List using correct APA format. ** Additionally, make sure you have evaluated each of your references with the 5Ws. **

Who: Andre Allot and David Mindorff

What: The information I am using is definitions from an IB Biology textbook. The textbooks name is Biology: Course Companion

Where: Great Britain, Bell and Bain Ltd.

When: 2007

Why: This textbook has good clear explanations, it also allows for trusted and understandable definitions.

Galati, D. G., Scherer, K. R. S., & Ricci-Bitti, P. E. R. (1997). Voluntary facial expression of emotion: Comparing congenitally blind with normally sighted encoders. //Journal of Personality and Social Psychology//, //73//(6), 1363-1379. Retrieved from http://cisaweb.unige.ch/drupal/system/files/biblio/1997_Galatai_JPSP.pdf

Who: Dario Dalati, Klaus R. Scherer, and Pio E. Ricci-Bitti

What: Study that compares congenitally blind with normal sighted people in they way they express voluntary facial emotions

Where: This study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

When: 1997

Why: this study is useful as it compares both sighted and blind people and how they express emotion.

Matsumoto, D. M., & Willingham, B. W. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. //Attitudes and Social Cognition//, //96//(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1037/a0014037

Who: David Matsumoto and Bob Willingham

What: A study, which evaluates spontaneous facial expressions of emotion in both congenially and non-congenitally blind individuals.

Where: This is a study, which was published in Attitudes and Social Cognition

When: 2009

Why: This study is helpful as it has data collected from participants who were either congenitally or noncongenitally blind.

Tracy, J. L. T., & Matsumoto, D. M. (2008). The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays.//PNAS//, //105//(33), 11655-11660. Retrieved from www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0802686105

Who: Jessica L. Tracy and David Matsumoto

What: This is a study, which looks at spontaneous expression, and in specific pride and shame.

Where: this

When: This was published on PNAS

Why: this is a helpful study as it explores spontaneous emotion. And it is helpful as it explores two in specific.

Ekman, P. E. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. //American Psychologist//, //48//(4), 376-379.

Who: Paul Ekman

What: It is a study which explores facial expressions and emotion.

Where: American Psychologist

When: 1993

Why: this is a good resource as it has multiple studies that support its findings and it focuses on expression of emotion.

Cole, P. M. C., Jenkins, P. A. J., & Shott, C. T. S. (1989). Spontaneous expressive control in blind and sighted children. //Wiley and Society for Research in Child Development//, //60//, 683-688.

Who: Pamela M. Cole, Peggy A. Jenkins, and Cara T. Shott.

What: this is a study which looks at expressive control in blind and sighted children.

Where: Wiley and Society for Research in Child Development

When: 1989

Why: This research is helpful as it is focusing on a different age group and it has a comparison of data with blind and sighted children.