Emotion+and+the+brain

=Emotion and the brain=
 * Learning outcome**
 * To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion? **

=** Homework **= > **Go to your class text - Law et al - and take notes on flashbulb memory (use the index to find the page numbers) - Don't forget to begin with looking carefully at the command term for that LO.**
 * Have this complete by __Monday May 4__ **
 * 1) **Review your reading for this LO**
 * 2) **See below for the model essay outline (bottom of page) and the instructions there for creating your own essay outline**
 * ** //This homework task is to construct your answer to this learning outcome//  **
 * ** //Take the model essay outline below.//  **
 * ** //Add your OWN definitions.//  **
 * ** //Replace THREE of the studies below with different studies and your OWN analysis.//  **
 * 1) For the next LO:** __Evaluate__ one theory of HOW EMOTION MAY AFFECT one cognitive process (we will cover //flashbulb memory//). **

=Class questions=
 * 1) Do we write about everything?
 * 2) What are the key differences between the theories?

New vocabulary
ANS //If you come across words you don't know - you MUST look these up.// //Have a "Important vocab" list for each learning outcome. This will help you when you need to create your answer to a learning outcome, as well as consolidate your understanding of new information.// //Having a solid understanding of the vocabulary is key to developing your grasp of any new concept and of connections.//

=CLASSWORK=

What is emotion
Begin with Crane - pages 88 and 89
 * READ**


 * REVIEW**


 * 1) Define 'emotion'
 * 2) Identify the 3 components of emotion

Biological factors

 * The amygdala **


 * READ AND REVIEW**
 * 1) Summarize the[| flight or fight response]


 * READ AND REVIEW**

Click [|here] for LeDoux's explanation of emotion and the brain Joseph LeDoux on [|Parallel Memories: Putting emotions back into the brain]
 * 1) Summarize LeDoux's model of 2 biological pathways.

Choose an emotion // The purpose of this activity is to ask you to explicitly relate the model to the way an emotion might manifest. It also requires you to define and think about examples of emotion. //
 * Synthesis **
 * 1) apply LeDoux's model to the emotion
 * 2) How does that emotion manifest?

=Homework reading=

// Apologies but I cannot upload the supplementary readings for the worksheet document. // // The following items from the above worksheet have the following modifications: // =Work for Monday, April 29=
 * // The James-Lange and Schachter-Singer theories can be outlined from Law et al.(the Pearson class text) on page 87-88 //
 * //Leave out the section on the last page of the handout under the title// "If we know that environmental factors can affect our emotions, can we use cognitive strategies to influence our emotional responses?"
 * 1) **READ pages 87-91 of the Law et al text and this link on [|Theoretical Framework of the Schachter-Singer theory]**
 * 2) **ADD your understanding of the information to your answers to the questions from the above worksheet (sections on James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer and Lazarus)**
 * 3) **CHECK your answers with other members of your study group.**
 * 4) **READ the overview below - this is an outline review of what you have read so far. Copy and paste the information into your notes - INTEGRATE it with what you already have.**
 * 5) **With your study group, DISCUSS the questions that are integrated within the overview and ADD your reflections.**


 * __A:__ Early physiological theories have clear limitations - cannot separate physiology and cognition:**
 * Physiological approach to emotions focuses on the physical changes that accompany manifestation of emotion.
 * This approach assumes that the experience is specifically related to the physical or biological changes.

__**James-Lange theory of emotion (1880s)**__
 * this theory argues that physical changes come first
 * these changes are the **basis** of the emotional experience
 * For example - you become irritated **when** you frown, you are afraid **because** you run etc.


 * BUT** the James-Lange theory
 * 1) cannot explain how emotions manifest without any arousal,
 * 2) does not explain the role of learning (conditioned emotion) and cognition;
 * 3) does not explain how you determine what the specific physical change is (e.g. blood pressure?).

__**Cannon-Bard theory of emotion – (1927)**__ This theory is supported by LeDoux’s limbic theory BUT does it explain the role of arousal?
 * changes of emotional state and changes in ANS occur simultaneously but independently,
 * ** both ** caused by the arrival of the same sensory input at the thalamus;


 * __B:__ Research into localization of emotion gives insight into which brain structures play a role but structures do not act alone**
 * can you identify key structures?
 * what evidence is there of the localization of emotion?
 * what evidence is there that these do not act alone?

These theories examine:
 * __C:__ The other theories we've looked at are the __combined__ approach (Lazarus' theory of appraisal and the Schacter-Singer 2-factor theory)**
 * the interaction between the state of arousal and the emotional experience
 * They hypothesize about what comes first - emotional experience, state of arousal or cognition

Make sure you have completed the above notes and that you can do the following for both theories:
 * summarize specific aspects of the theory (you can have your notes in diagram form - tends to be easier to remember)
 * specifically point out how cognition and biology interact in the production of emotion
 * provide specific evidence of findings that illustrate the aspects of the theory
 * have notes on the limitations of the theories

[|A quick overview] //(this is useful for a very quick contextual read - helps to consolidate understanding)//
 * Lazarus' theory of appraisal**

[|A quick description] //(this is useful for a very quick contextual read - helps to consolidate understanding)//
 * The Schachter-Singer 2-factor theory**

=Extension reading= If you want more information - some of what I will discuss in the next class will come from this link. [|Emotional memory]

=Work for Wednesday, April 30= //We will review possible answers for this learning outcome.//


 * //Your homework task is to construct your answer to this learning outcome.// **
 * //Take the model essay outline below.// **
 * //Add your OWN definitions.// **
 * //Replace THREE of the studies below with different studies and your OWN analysis.// **

=Model essay= A possible answer

Brain activity for emotion and cognition are intertwined (Jamison). The whole process is interactive meaning all factors impact on each other - a bi-directional relationship. Emotions consist of BOTH physiological reactions AND feelings (an appraisal or judgment being made that results in a specific emotion - the brain is //interpreting// the stimuli) Fear is localized in structures such as the amygdala At the same time, appraisal is a key cognitive factor in emotion.
 * INTRO **

Research into localization of emotion gives insight into which brain structures play a role Limbic system Emotions have biological correlates Kluver and Bucy Kluver and Bucy remove (lesion) a monkeys’ temporal lobe (1936), damaging limbic system in the process.
 * Point 1: A bi-directional relationship between physiology and cognition **
 * indicates that the limbic system is important in generating emotions.
 * However brain activity for emotion and cognition is intertwined
 * it is difficult to look at it separately because it is meant to work together
 * Set of cortical and subcortical structures, including:
 * o amygdala
 * o nucleus accumbens
 * Example 1**
 * locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system may have a significant role in processing fear-related stimuli or it may affect fear-related processing by stimulating other regions of the brain implicated in anxiety and fear behaviours (ie amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex and spinal cord).
 * Example 2 - Localization theory - evidence that the limbic system is connected**
 * Result – monkeys lose fear

Emotions are not specifically localized purely in one section of the brain. Research indicates that brain activity for emotion involves many areas of the brain working both together and in sequence Oschner et al (2001) Results
 * Example 3 - Evidence of interaction between specific areas of the brain and cognition**
 * participants shown photos that induced negative emotions (eg. woman crying at funeral)
 * brains scanned simultaneously
 * participants then asked to appraise the picture (eg. imagining the woman crying at a wedding instead of a funeral)
 * in first stage - their amygdala lit up
 * after reappraisal - several areas of the cortex became active and moments later, the amygdala was deactivated
 * Don't forget to state significance of this in relation to the question **

Amygdala plays a role (as already determined). Research also indicates that the insular cortex is involved in 'modeled' fear (Phelps 2001) - researchers conclusion - that the insular cortex role is connected **to the cognitive nature of modeled fears** - **This example also establishes a __sociocultural__ connection in that fears can be learned.**


 * Therefore we see the bi-directional relationship between bio, cog AND socio factors. Thus in terms of the extent to which cog and bio factors __interact__, the __point__ to be made is that interaction can be assumed BUT the exact nature of that interaction cannot be fully determined. **


 * Limitation to any evidence looking at bio factors in the context of an interactive relationship**

The locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system may have a significant role in processing fear-related stimuli or it may affect fear-related processing by stimulating other regions of the brain implicated in anxiety and fear behaviours (ie amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex and spinal cord).

Researchers don't know the exact roles of brain structures in terms of what interactive processes take place with cognition and physiology - therefore creates a problem when examining the exact nature of the interactive relationship.


 * Point 2: Interactive relationship between biology and cognition **


 * Further evidence of an interactive relationship**
 * Use Phelps from Hannibal's study guide (p. 30) for role of amygdala
 * Le Doux's explanation of 2 pathways - short route + role of the amygdala AND the hippocampus in the context of appraisal (long route)
 * interactive relationship

Appraisal theories look at the interaction between the state of arousal and the emotional experience "Cognitive factors modulate stress responses" (physiological and psychological reactions) Now explain Lazarus (then use Speisman to support)
 * Point 3: **** Lazarus' theory of appraisal **
 * what comes first - emotional experience, state of arousal or cognition?
 * Appraisal is the evaluation of the situation
 * summarize specific aspects of the theory
 * specifically point out how cognition and biology interact in the production of emotion
 * provide specific evidence of findings that illustrate the aspects of the theory


 * Point 4: **** Schacter and Singer 2-factor theory (if you have time) **
 * summarize specific aspects of the theory
 * specifically point out how cognition and biology interact in the production of emotion
 * provide specific evidence of findings that illustrate the aspects of the theory

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