Brain+damage+and+memory

toc =Brain damage and memory=
 * LEARNING OUTCOME **
 * Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process **
 * ** The process we have chosen is memory **
 * ** The biological factors we are investigating are **
 * ** damage to those cortical structures within the brain where memory function is localized **
 * ** role of neurotransmitters **

Class text
Read pages 76 - 77 of Crane

Neurobiological mechanisms of learning and memory
What do we know?
 * experience leads to neural changes
 * This indicates that neuroanatomical, neurochemical and molecular changes are needed to establish LTM processes

Early research
 * experience and training produces changes in the brains of mammals
 * different memories localized in separate cortical areas of the brain

Later research
 * memory systems found in specific neural networks in the cortex
 * eg. same cortical systems used to help us perceive and move in our environment also connected to memory retrieval
 * plastic changes in synaptic function will strengthen neural connections with repeated activity
 * almost all areas of the brain are involved in some kind of storing memory
 * eg. associative learning (emotional responses, motor activities) mainly processed in limbic structures such as the amygdala and in the cerebellum (regulates morot activity)
 * Rosenzweig's research indicated that experience and training resulted in neurochemical and changes to neural networks (plasticity)
 * And remember Maguire and her research on brain plasticity in the hippocampus

Localization
Read: [|MIT discovers the location of memories]

Task 1

 * Define the following**
 * explicit memory
 * semantic memory
 * episodic memory
 * implicit memory
 * procedural memory
 * emotional memory

Task 2
Identify the role of the hippocampus __**Further evidence**__ http://www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/brain/brain_flash.html http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/you-illuminated/201002/brain-cosmetics-and-herculean-memory //Long-term memory is subdivided into explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) memory. Explicit memory provides factual knowledge of the world (semantic) and personal past (episodic). Explicit memories are recollected in consciousness, with long-term encoding dependent on the hippocampus ([|Squire & Kandel, 1998]). Implicit memory stores our skills, tasks, habits and emotional reflexes; however, their expression does not necessitate immediate transfer into the consciousness or require the hippocampus for long-term encoding, but is likely to be mediated through the cerebellum, basal ganglia and amygdala ([|Squire & Kandel, 1998]).// http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/180/3/195 http://www.dnalc.org/view/1202-Hippocampus-and-Memory-1-.html http://www.dnalc.org/view/1281-CA1-and-Spatial-Memory.html
 * Review brain structures on**
 * The layperson's overview**
 * Divisions of LTM**
 * Listen to Kandel's lectures on memory**

Task 3
Identify the role of the amygdala http://www.neuroskills.com/tbi/pr-amygdala.shtml
 * Further evidence**

= Case studies =

Clive Wearing
Crane & Hadad - p.78-9 [|The man who keeps falling in love with his wife]

http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20117/
 * Video footage**

Watch episodes 10 and 11 for a more detailed picture of Clive Wearing's experiences http://www.learner.org/resources/series150.html
 * The mind**

H.M.
Crane & Hadad -page 79

http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch06_memory/biological_perspectives_on_memory.html
 * The story of H.M.**

=The Essay outline=


 * Introduction**

Neurobiological mechanisms of learning and memory
What do we know?
 * experience leads to neural changes
 * This indicates that neuroanatomical, neurochemical and molecular changes are needed to establish LTM processes

Early research
 * experience and training produces changes in the brains of mammals
 * different memories localized in separate cortical areas of the brain

Later research
 * memory systems found in specific neural networks in the cortex
 * eg. same cortical systems used to help us perceive and move in our environment also connected to memory retrieval
 * plastic changes in synaptic function will strengthen neural connections with repeated activity
 * almost all areas of the brain are involved in some kind of storing memory
 * eg. associative learning (emotional responses, motor activities) mainly processed in limbic structures such as the amygdala and in the cerebellum (regulates morot activity)
 * And remember Maguire and her research on brain plasticity in the hippocampus

Evidence - HM and Clive Wearing
 * Paragraph 1 - Role of the hippocampus**


 * Paragraph 2 - role of the amygdala**

Acetylcholine - Martinez and Kessner
 * Paragraph 3 - Role of neurotransmitters**

=Methodological issues= Answer the questions 1 and 2 under 'Understanding research' on page 79 of your text
 * The benefits of case studies**

Answer question 3 on page 79
 * The limitations of case studies**

Answer the 2 questions on this topic on p. 79 of your text (to help you, refer back to page 36 of Crane - part of your summer work)
 * Ethics in research**