EmpathyEEPlan

=EMPATHY. A PLAN= (Work in progress that will hopefully 'evolve' into an outline one day)

INTRODUCTION
Definition of Empathy 1. Emotion Recognition 2. Emotional immitation/ identification in self. 3. Resulting in altruistic motivation and prosocial behaviour

Detail the empathy- arousal modes. 3 are primitive, automatic and preverbal 2 are higher order cognitive Even the definition suggests multiple origins, both innate and acquired through interaction.

Perhaps make reference to the empathy scale and how empathy is measured empirically? Perhaps mention Omoiyari and how different cultures even have different //definitions// of empathy.

THESIS (research question)

To what degree is empathy influenced by culture versus

the extent to which it is governed by biological processes, and thus same for all?

BODY
1. Emotional Recognition - The clearest way that humans display emotions is through the face - Elkman & universal facial cues. (same for all) - Example: Soto et al. suggests that reading emotion in instantaneous (kind of) and that it is same for observing out group + in group. (same for all)

- Contradicted by Yuki et al, Jack et al. Cultural backgrounds influence which part of the face people observe. (culture) - As a result, there is more error at detecting certain emotions depending on cultural background. (culture) - Also, Tombs et al. says that depending on match/mismatch, different ability to recognize emotion. (culture)

2.Emotional immitation - Sato et. al (same for all) - Psychologists, using brainscans now had insight into the mental activity while displaying/feeling an emotion. - Singer describes empathy relying on lymbic structures, which are fundamental structures, and develop earlier than other areas of the brain (biological) - Mirror Neurons (Iacoboni, Gallese, etc) Provides specific biological structures which are active when performing/witnessing an act. (biological, same for all)

- Also results in rapid facial mimicry (sato et al.) - Facial mimicry influenced by whether there is prejudice against out-group. Gutzell et al. (Culture) - Brain activity influenced by whether observing pain in in-group vs. out-group member. Mathur et al. (Culture)

3. Prosocial behaviour? - Zak et. al and generosity. (Generosity is increased when given oxytocin when empahty is involved. Possible biological link between empathy and prosocial behaviour)? - Children from different cultures, and the link between empathy and prosocial behaviour? Trommsdorff et al.?

4. Evaluation? - Strengths and weaknesses of the studies? Perhaps integrate into the other sections? - Article by Heyes. Investigates the adaptive vs. associative models of mirror neuron formation. COULD possible suggest that mirror neurons (biological basis) is a result of social interaction (influenced by culture) !!!!! INTERCONNECTEDNESS !!!!

CONCLUSION
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